How to backup your system [Modified from excellent post of this forum]

Nankai

Please note:    The method described here is an updated version of the post on this forum.  I do not intend to translate it into chinese, also I do not think it is necessary.
Please note:    The method described here is an updated version of the post on this forum.  I do not intend to translate it into chinese, also I do not think it is necessary.                                                                     
Please note:    The method described here is an updated version of the post on this forum.  I do not intend to translate it into chinese, also I do not think it is necessary.


                                            
How to Stage IV of Gentoo Linux
Boot your computer using Install CD minimal, and this time folder /proc is empty. Also, due to Grub find stage1 and stage 1.5 in a physical Head/Cylinder/Sector way, if you mount /boot partition the code in MBR will not find stage files any more. So, usually after emerge grub, I unmerge it from my system with /boot partition not mouned. In this way, grub is “fake” unmerged from my box. Forget it forever, don’t touch /boot partition also by mounting it with noauto option. Forget /boot too.
1.  To backup the whole system installed on hdaX, mount target and source partition.

2. #mount /dev/hdaX /mnt/gentoo
3. #mount /dev/hdaY /mnt/backup

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2. To backup Gentoo system with files in /mnt/linux/usr/portage/distfiles excluded.

2. #cd /mnt/linux
3. #tar -cj --exclude=usr/portage/distfiles -pivf /mnt/backup/Stage4.tar.bz2 *

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**If you want to burn  disc (CDs), you can split the backup file into smaller ones：

2. #split -a 1 -b 650m /mnt/backup/Stage4.tar.bz2 /mnt/backup/Stage4.tar.bz2-

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Several packages with one-alphabet appendix will be generated in backup folder such as
Stage4.tar.bz2-a, Stage4.tar.bz2-b...etc, the maximum size is 650M.

3. To restore the system just combine the packages and unpack it：
Also, boot the computer use Install CD minimal, format target partition.

2. #mkreiserfs /dev/hdaX
3. #mount /dev/hdaX /mnt/gentoo
4. #mount /dev/hdaY /mnt/backup
5. #cd /mnt/gentoo
6. #cat /mnt/backup/Stage4.tar.bz2-* | tar -xjvf -

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If you do not like split backup file, like me, just unpack is enough

2. #cd /mnt/gentoo
3. #tar -xjvf /mnt/backup/Stage4.tar.bz2

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Reboot, now we are back to the future.
Notes:
1. Before backup you should mount all the partition which you want to pack into backup file. For example, if your /usr is a separated partition, you must mount it first.
2. If there are several directories that you do not want to backup such as /usr/portage/distfiles etc, you can write down them in a file called exclude-list (Or any name you like) line by line, one line on folder.
Like this:

2. # Begin of the example of excluded folder
3. usr/portage/distfiles
4. var/tmp/portage
5. home/yourusername/music
6. home/yourusername/video
7. # End of the example of excluded folder

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Put it into your root folder, then

2. #tar -cj --exclude-from /mnt/gentoo/root/exclude-list -pivf /mnt/backup/Stage4.tar.bz2 *

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3. something weird, the result of the following two commands it different, please notice

2. #tar -cj --exclude=usr/portage/distfiles -pivf /mnt/backup/Stage4.tar.bz2 *
3. #tar -cj --exclude=usr/portage/distfiles/ -pivf /mnt/backup/Stage4.tar.bz2 *

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4. Due the the execute speed problem, when unpack there may be some problem
When backup

2. #tar -cjpivO /mnt/backup/Stage4.tar.bz2 * | split -a 1 -b 650m - /mnt/backup/Stage4.tar.bz2-

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When restore

2. #cat /mnt/backup/Stage4.tar.bz2-* | tar -xjvf –

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Some warning may appeare, just ignore them. If you feel uncomfortable, split them into two commands.
When backup

2. #tar -cj --exclude=usr/portage/distfiles -pivf /mnt/backup/Stage4.tar.bz2 *
3. #split -a 1 -b 650m /mnt/backup/Stage4.tar.bz2 /mnt/backup/Stage4.tar.bz2-

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When restore

2. #cat /mnt/backup/Stage4.tar.bz2-* >> /mnt/gentoo/Stage4.tar.bz2
3. #cd /mnt/gentoo/
4. #tar -xjvpf Stage4.tar.bz2

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Please note, the target file Stage4.tar.bz2 may be very large, be patient.
5. To place porage tree together disfiles to a separated partition is a VERY good idea. 4GB space is enough. Thus, you do not need to backup, restore and synchronize portage tree again. Backup and restore become like this:

2. #tar -cjpivf /mnt/backup/Stage4.tar.bz2 *
3. #tar -xjvpf Stage4.tar.bz2

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6: Options:
Options for tar

2. -p: --preserve-permissions
3. -f: --file
4. -v: --verbose
5. -j: --bzip
6. -z: --gzip/--ungzip
7. -c: --create
8. -i: --ignore-zeros
9. -O: To standout
10. -x: --extract
11. -: stdin/stdout

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Options for split

2. -a: suffix_length=N
3. -b: --byte=SIZE [K/M]

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SCys

如何制作Gentoo Linux的Stage IV（备份）

使用你的Install CD Minimal启动你的电脑，并且这个时候/proc目录是空的。
同样，如果你挂载了/boot分区代码在MBR里,由于Grub会寻找stage1和stage1.5于物理的第一个柱面第一个分区，会导致怎么也找不到stage文件。所以，一般都是（备份完成）之后才安装grub，“我”（原作者，如果没有加以说明，都是指原作者）把它卸载了，并且也没有挂载/boot分区。之后，我的系统里Grub是被“虚假”（因为它的主要作用文件在boot分区里面）地卸载了。
{（--不会翻译--）
记住，不要在不要使用noauto参数建立/boot分区。
把/boot也忘记吧
Forget it forever, don’t touch /boot partition also by mounting it with noauto option. Forget /boot too.
（请高手指明）}

1。为了备份位于hdX面的整个系统，挂载保存(hdY)和源(hdX)分区

1. 
   
2. #mount /dev/hdX /mnt/gentoo
   
3. #mount /dev/hdY /mnt/backup
   

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2。排除保存/mnt/linux/usr/portage/distfiles的备份

1. 
   
2. #cd /mnt/linux
   
3. #tar -cj --exclude=usr/portage/distfiles -pivf /mnt/backup/Stage4.tar.bz2 *
   

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**如果你想保存一个个的盘片（如CD，650MB)，你可以分卷备份文件：

1. 
   
2. #split -a 1 -b 650m /mnt/backup/Stage4.tar.bz2 /mnt/backup/Stage4.tar.bz2-
   

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文件被整齐地命名为一个带后续字母表的多个文件，每个文件最大容量为650MB（可以自己自定-b XXXm这个参数，自己可以修改）
Stage4.tar.bz2-a, Stage4.tar.bz2-b...etc, the maximum size is 650M.

3。只要合并文件和还原它们可以还原系统了：
同样是，使用Install CD Minmial启动系统，格式化要还原的分区（hdx）

1. 
   
2. #mkreiserfs /dev/hdaX
   
3. #mount /dev/hdX /mnt/gentoo
   
4. #mount /dev/hdY /mnt/backup
   
5. #cd /mnt/gentoo
   
6. #cat /mnt/backup/Stage4.tar.bz2-* | tar -xjvf -
   

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如果你没有分卷，只要还原就足够了。

1. 
   
2. #cd /mnt/gentoo
   
3. #tar -xjvf /mnt/backup/Stage4.tar.bz2
   

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重新启动，我们就能回到备份时的环境了。
注意:
1。备份前请挂载全部你需要的分区。比如，如果/usr是独立分区，你就必须要挂载它了。
2。如果你有多个文件夹不想备份，如/usr/portage/distfiles，你可以把它们一行一行地写进一个排除列表里（名字随你定）
就象下面的：

1. 
   
2. # Begin of the example of excluded folder
   
3. usr/portage/distfiles
   
4. var/tmp/portage
   
5. home/yourusername/music
   
6. home/yourusername/video
   
7. # End of the example of excluded folder
   

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把它放到你的root文件夹里面，再运行备份命令

1. 
   
2. #tar -cj --exclude-from /mnt/gentoo/root/exclude-list -pivf /mnt/backup/Stage4.tar.bz2 *
   

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3。请注意，一下两个不同的命令会输出一些怪异（原文的weird，不太同意，用有趣就足够了）的不同输出

1. 
   
2. #tar -cj --exclude=usr/portage/distfiles -pivf /mnt/backup/Stage4.tar.bz2 *
   
3. #tar -cj --exclude=usr/portage/distfiles/ -pivf /mnt/backup/Stage4.tar.bz2 *
   

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4。由于处理的速度问题，可能会引起解压的一些问题
备份时

1. 
   
2. #tar -cjpivO /mnt/backup/Stage4.tar.bz2 * | split -a 1 -b 650m - /mnt/backup/Stage4.tar.bz2-
   

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还原时

1. 
   
2. #cat /mnt/backup/Stage4.tar.bz2-* | tar -xjvf –
   

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一些警告只是说明性的，无须理睬。觉得部署副，就分开两个命令来执行它们吧。
备份时

1. 
   
2. #tar -cj --exclude=usr/portage/distfiles -pivf /mnt/backup/Stage4.tar.bz2 *
   
3. #split -a 1 -b 650m /mnt/backup/Stage4.tar.bz2 /mnt/backup/Stage4.tar.bz2-
   

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还原时

1. 
   
2. #cat /mnt/backup/Stage4.tar.bz2-* >> /mnt/gentoo/Stage4.tar.bz2
   
3. #cd /mnt/gentoo/
   
4. #tar -xjvpf Stage4.tar.bz2
   

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需要注意的是，备份文件可能是很大的，需要耐心等待一下哦：）
5。把porage树目录放到一个独立分区(4GB就足够了)是不错的注意。所以，你只要备份而不用再次同步portage树目录了。备份还原操作如下：

1. 
   
2. #tar -cjpivf /mnt/backup/Stage4.tar.bz2 *
   
3. #tar -xjvpf Stage4.tar.bz2
   

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6: 参数设置:
关于Tar的参数

1. 
   
2. -p: --preserve-permissions
   
3. -f: --file
   
4. -v: --verbose
   
5. -j: --bzip
   
6. -z: --gzip/--ungzip
   
7. -c: --create
   
8. -i: --ignore-zeros
   
9. -O: To standout
   
10. -x: --extract
    
11. -: stdin/stdout
    

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关于split的参数

1. 
   
2. -a: suffix_length=N
   
3. -b: --byte=SIZE [K/M]
   

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SCys

补充点：
1。格式化的时候

1. 
   
2. mkreiserfs /dev/hdX
   
3. [code]
   
4. 可以改变为自己喜欢的分区类型，自己注意就是：）
   
5. [code]
   
6. mkfs.(my part format) /dev/hdaX
   

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2。全角"（""）"里的是我写的一些意见

Fleta

类似这样备份的贴子本坛早有了：http://www.linuxsir.cn/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=113082
楼主不妨将英文原帖的链接贴出来，我有点怀疑那是根据hauser在Gentoo论坛发的贴子改的。

SCys

备份原来就是各有各法，我翻译（不算是啦）不过是来练习语法。。。考试呀。。。
最好的getoo stage4不过于以前getoo论坛里面的一个脚本了。方便又快捷。而且也考虑了/boot问题